我国玉米生产现状及发展变革

近年来，随着农业供给侧结构性改革的实施，玉米价格回落，玉米生产出现了高生产、高库存、效益低、卖粮难等突出问题，农民种植积极性受挫，玉米生产面临变革。未来玉米产业如何定位、如何发展，种植面积调减只是第一步，更为重要的是对玉米生产各环节的优化和升级。通过梳理我国当前玉米生产、消费和需求现状，从农业种植结构、劳动力结构变化、生产经营方式、品种创新、质量安全、生产潜力提高等方面进行了分析研究，提出了优化产业结构、稳定玉米生产，适应劳动力变化、加快土地集中耕种、提高种植效益，加快玉米品种原始创新、培育多元优质高效型品种，多措并举、提高玉米安全质量，种养结合、培肥地力、持续提高玉米生产潜力等具体措施。最终实现多元、优质、高产、高效及生态、智慧、可持续的玉米生产现代化。     

梨CRK家族基因及其腐烂病菌侵染响应成员的鉴定

在植物响应逆境过程中，半胱氨酸富集类受体激酶（Cysteine-rich receptor like kinase，CRK）起重要的调控作用。本研究中以结构域Stress-antifung（Pfam：PF01657）和Pkinase（Pfam：PF00069）的保守序列为种子序列，在全基因组范围鉴定了梨（Pryus spp.）CRK家族成员。此外，对其蛋白理化性质、进化特征、基因在染色体上的位置、顺式作用元件（cis-acting regulatory element，cis-element）和表达模式进行了分析。共获得32个CRK家族成员，其氨基酸数、分子量和等电点分别介于440 ~ 1 217、48.90 ~ 137.02 kD和5.31 ~ 8.59，主要位于质膜。根据进化分析，将来自梨、拟南芥、苹果、番茄和水稻的156个CRK分为6个亚组，梨CRK主要分布于亚组Ⅳ，Ⅴ和Ⅵ。梨CRK中存在5个串联重复的基因簇，共包含了20个成员。此外，该基因家族所有成员的启动子区域都存在多个响应激素和逆境信号的cis-element。接种腐烂病菌Valsa pyri（Vp）后，杜梨（Pyrus betulifolia，抗病）和‘早酥’梨（Pyrus bretschneideri，感病）中分别发现8个和10个CRK发生了差异表达，6个基因在两种资源中都发生了差异表达。差异基因中，Pbr001477.1和Pbr000205.4在抗、感病资源中都显著上调，而其他基因的表达量在两种资源中呈现不同的变化趋势。     

NaCl胁迫对甜瓜生理指标及相关基因表达的影响

以薄皮甜瓜(IVF05、IVF89)和厚皮甜瓜(IVF117、IVF303)为试材,研究Na Cl(150 mmol·L~(-1))处理对4个甜瓜品种发芽、幼苗生长及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,在Na Cl胁迫下,薄皮甜瓜IVF89的生长指标受到的抑制作用最大,其发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度和胚轴长度分别下降23百分点、76.24%、46.71%和39.27%;厚皮甜瓜IVF303的生长指标受到的抑制作用最小,其发芽率下降不明显,发芽指数、胚根长度和胚轴长度分别下降46.52%、34.86%和23.08%;Na Cl胁迫提高了甜瓜幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,增加了游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白的含量;4个甜瓜品种幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和SPAD值均显著降低,IVF05、IVF89、IVF117和IVF303的Pn分别下降了64.44%、69.62%、61.23%、60.00%;4个甜瓜品种的卡尔文循环(Calvin)关键酶基因1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶基因(CmRubisco)、3-磷酸甘油酸激酶基因(CmPGK)和叶绿体型果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶基因(Cm FBPase)表达均显著下调,核酮糖-5-磷酸激酶基因(Cm PRK)表达大多上调;甜瓜耐盐相关基因质膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因(Cm SOS1)、液泡膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因(CmNHX1)、高亲和力K~+转运体基因(CmHKT1)和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖基转移酶基因(CmGnT)的表达均上调,其中IVF303的基因表达上调幅度最大。通过主成分分析、相关分析和聚类分析等综合分析方法,将4个甜瓜品种分为3类,IVF05和IVF89为盐敏感类型,IVF117为中耐盐类型,IVF303为强耐盐类型。     

薄壳山核桃品种‘威奇塔’在山东济宁的引种表现与栽培要点

2013年,济宁市林业局与济宁波尼果农林科技有限公司从江苏省农业科学院园艺研究所丰县基地引进薄壳山核桃品种‘威奇塔’(Wichita)进行栽培,经连续几年观察,该品种为雌先型,平均单果重11.22 g,出仁率60.43%。定植第3年可零星挂果,第6年平均株产0.74kg。树势较强,枝条生长迅速,米径年平均生长量1.71 cm,定植第6年平均米径为7.95 cm。该品种抗寒耐涝。‘威奇塔’在山东省济宁市表现为适应性强、早实、丰产、质优,可推广栽培。     

Impact of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon stocks and aggregates in a karst rocky desertification area in Southwest China

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The objectives of the study were as follows: (a) to determine the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions to vegetation restoration; (b) to examine the...     

中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫研究进展

微孢子虫是专性细胞内寄生的真核生物,有着广泛的宿主。中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫可以引起中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫病,因此而受到重视。本文简要综述了中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫的生物学特性,检测方法以及中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫病的研究现状,以期为有效防治河蟹微孢子虫病提供参考。     

近12年来我国棉花价格波动特征分析

以2005年1月至2017年2月我国棉花价格指数月度数据为研究对象，基于Census X₁₂季节调整法和HP滤波法，分析了棉花价格总体波动情况和波动规律。结果表明：我国棉花价格具有季节性和周期性波动特征，样本区间内可分为4个完整周期和1个不完整周期，且周期时长有增加的趋势；棉价变动与棉花供求结构变化一致，且近6年受棉花价格制度影响明显。基于此，提出稳定棉花生产、做好棉花时空调配工作、优化价格政策调控工作和完善应急托底预案4点建议。     

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels with different protein‐to‐energy ratios on growth performance,feed utilization and body composition of juvenile red‐spotted grouper,Epinephelus akaara

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to assess dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile red‐spotted grouper (7.85 ± 0.03 g fish^?1). Nine semi‐purified diets were formulated containing varying protein levels (440–520 g kg^?1, dry matter) and lipid levels (60–120 g kg^?1, dry matter). The weight gain of juvenile Epinephelus akaara was affected by dietary protein (p = .005) and its interaction with dietary lipid (p = .020). Viscerosomatic index, intraperitoneal fat ratio and whole‐body lipid level increased with increasing dietary lipid level (p < .001). Nitrogen retention was not affected by dietary protein and lipid, while lipid retention decreased with increasing dietary lipid level (p < .001). The plasma blood urea nitrogen increased with increasing dietary protein level (p = .003). This study showed that diet with 520 g kg^?1 protein and 60 g kg^?1 lipid with 30.58 mg kJ^?1 P:E provided a maximal growth for this species. Moreover, an increase in dietary lipid levels (from 60 to 90 g kg^?1) could reduce the protein requirement (from 520 to 480 g kg^?1) without affecting the growth performance, while higher fat deposition was observed in fish fed high‐lipid diets.     

Characterization of microbial communities in intensive GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pond systems during the peak period of breeding

Aquaculture pond is a complex ecosystem where the microorganisms in the sediments, in the animal intestinal tract and in water interact with each other to influence the water quality and health of aquatic animals. In order to understand the spatial distribution and relationship of microbial communities in intensively farmed genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus), 454 high‐throughput pyrosequencing was applied to analyse the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria in intensive GIFT ponds in Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China. A total of 72 747 initial sequences were obtained from four depths of pond water, from tilapia large intestines and from pond sediment. The most common phylum in all samples was Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria were the most abundant in water, Fusobacteria and Firmicutes in the large intestine and Chloroflexi in sediment samples. The sediment microbial community structure was comparatively similar to that of the tilapia large intestine. The microbial communities from different water depths were somewhat similar, especially the three most shallow samples, although the abundance of Actinobacteria gradually decreased with increased water depth. This data offer a preliminary exploration of the response mechanisms of the bacterial communities to aquafarming and contributes to the understanding of the status of bacterial communities of tilapia pond systems during the peak period of breeding from the aspect of their spatial distributions.     

红唇薄鳅2个野生群体的遗传多样性研究

采用9个微卫星DNA标记对长江支流岷江下游厥溪和长江上游干流朱杨溪红唇薄鳅的2个野生群体遗传多样性及遗传分化情况进行了研究。共检测出73条等位基因,其中厥溪群体中有55条等位基因,朱杨溪群体中有69条等位基因,两群体共有等位基因数为51条。厥溪群体和朱杨溪群体的平均等位基因数分别为6.111和7.667,平均观测杂合度分别为0.665和0.668;平均期望杂合度分别0.684和0.712,平均多态性信息指数分别为0.621和0.656,从各参数结果来看,朱杨溪群体的遗传多样性水平高于厥溪。AMOVA结果显示,大多数遗传变异存在于红唇薄鳅群体内(98.68%),群体间的遗传变异为1.32%,固定系数不显著。基因流为9.42,表明两群体间基因交流频繁。UPGMA聚类显示,厥溪和朱杨溪群体中的个体相互混杂。这些结果表明长江上游厥溪和朱杨溪群体未出现遗传分化。